Prevalence Of Congenital Anomalies Of Kidney And Urinary Tract (CAKUT) In Children: A One Year Cross Sectional Study At Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital And MRC Belagavi

Abstract

Background and objectives Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are group of abnormalities affecting the kidneys and other structures of the urinary tract. This study was aimed to find the prevalence of CAKUT along with other associated anomalies and to assess the degree of renal dysfunction. Methods This one year cross sectional study was conducted in department of paediatrics, KLES Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belagavi. Newly diagnosed CAKUT cases were enrolled and were evaluated for CAKUT and other associated anomalies and renal dysfunction was evaluated based on Acute Kidney Injury Network’s (AKIN’s) criteria. Results During the study period there were 7893 admissions in the paediatric ward. Among them 81 cases were diagnosed to have CAKUT but 6 cases (0.07%) were previously diagnosed cases of CAKUT and excluded thereby the diagnosis of CAKUT was confirmed in 75 cases. Hence, the prevalence of CAKUT was 0.95% or 9.5 per 1000 children. Hydronephrosis with pelviureteric junction obstruction PUJO (25.33%) was the common CAKUT followed by Hypospadias (20%). Other associated anomalies were noted in 8% of the children anorectal malformation was the common associated malformation noted among 5.33% of the children. Based on AKIN criteria, stage I renal function was noted in 10.67% of the children and stage II in 9.33% of the children. Majority of study subjects were males (89.33%) and most of the children belonged to the age group <1 year (57.33%). Gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy induced hypertension were the common risk factors noted in 10.67% each. Majority of the children (64%) underwent surgical intervention and majority of the children improved (69.33%). Conclusion and interpretation Prevalence of CAKUT in children aged from one month to 18 years is 9.5 per 1000 children. Hydronephrosis is the common anomaly due to pelvic ureteric junction obstruction and hypospadias.